“The Internet environment is like a raging river full of water, and the water keeps on brimming and roaring. If we devise a plan for this river, and can direct it as we wish to a dam, we can create opportunities out of it. But if we leave it, and do not devise plans for it, then it will become a threat.” (Iran’s Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in Fars News, 2012)
Imagine you are in Iran and trying to access www.bbc.co.uk, a website blocked by Iranian authorities. You open up your browser and then search for the URL. But instead of being taken to the BBC’s website, you arrive at a screen that looks something like this:
This page, known as “M5-8,” informs the user that “access to the requested website is not possible. For complaints click here.” M5-8, which is hosted on the country’s national network and is thus inaccessible outside Iran, offers a list of links to categories listed under “culture and religion,” “society,” “Internet services,” “science and education,” “news and media” and “electronic government.”
After about 30 seconds, the website redirects to www.peyvandha.ir, a government-administered website full of alternative links for browsing the net, as well as literature related to Iran’s Internet policy (“peyvandha” means “links” in Persian).
Peyvandha.ir harkens back to the era of the web directory. The directory was a popular tool in the early ’90s, used by Yahoo and the Open Directory Project, before the rise of search engines led to a reliance on algorithmic page ranking for websites.
Asserting Control Through the Web Directory
In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the directory still exists in the form of peyvandha.ir — a place where Iranian Internet users are given a pre-selected set of options for sites to visit. But despite the technical limitations it represents, peyvandha.ir can be a useful tool for researchers — it provides a window into the thinking behind state information control and the broader political goals that this seeks to accomplish.
After the contested 2009 presidential elections and subsequent social unrest, Internet controls were heightened inside Iran. Iran’s Cyber Crime Law was developed and implemented, giving rise to the CCDOC, the centralized censorship body affiliated with the Ministry of Justice. Peyvandha.ir came into existence the following year.
Peyvandha.ir has undergone six major updates since it was first created. These updates are not merely technical — they reflect the evolution of web design from the Iranian state, illustrating how Iran represents itself through online interfaces. They can also help us better understand censorship within Iran on the whole. Using screen captures from the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, we were able to trace and reflect on the evolution of peyvandha.ir over time.
The Evolving Narrative of the Internet
Each version of peyvandha.ir has included literature related to Iran’s Cyber Laws — these have evolved as norms on what constitutes filtered content have become more entrenched within Iran.
The first version of peyvandha.ir redirected users to a new page and then told them, “In the Name of God, according to the Computer Crimes Act, access to this website requested is not possible.”
While earlier versions of the page prominently featured nationalistic and religious elements, more recent designs are sleek and more subtle about the censorship they represent.
In the second version, users were simply told that the links they were viewing were “some of the registered links.” Within version 2 we also saw the peyvandha.ir website creating pages related to Internet policy, now located at the bottom of the page (in element 4 below):
Version 3 continued with the theme of religious references, with a poem featured that states, “If you listen to the words of the poet Saadi, he says he consents to require the consent of Him” (element 2). Immediately to the right of this, users see the text “in the name of God the merciful” (element 1), as if to imply that these pages are being censored at the will of God.
These religious references continued in version 4, whereby the main feature of the page was a changing image that made reference to national holidays and events, maintaining the theme of allusions to Shia Islam and National Imams. The first image (seen below) depicts a mosque, marking the festival of Imam Reza, asking users to click on a link to submit ideas for the festival. Instead of the categories and the subcategories that are featured in previous versions, there are links featured as “suggestions” and “accidental” links.
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From the international and cultural festival of Imam Reza, the almighty. Text in Arabic: Greeting to god. Small text on left: Send your submissions (for this celebration).
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Text says: With one signature, support the Bahraini victims. In red it says: Ya Fatemeh (wife of Mohammad). The small text on the bottom says in Arabic: Give us patience in the name of Fatemeh.
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In green text: Please rush the arrival of the 13th Imam. In colored text: The pillars of Mohammad’s family, greeting.
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Image of shrine to Imam Hassan, underneath it text says: The pure shrine Imam Hassan son of Ali, Imam Ali son of Hossein, Imam Mohammad son of Ali, Imam Jafar son of Mohammad. Text on the left: Registration for the fifth opening of the national digital media convention.
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Self-emulation for the mourning Imam Hossein during month of Muharram (October -November) accompanied by a poem above.
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Text says: ey Hossein!
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Text at the top says “The Imam has arrived” and text at the bottom says “The Shah Left”. The image at the center is of Ayatollah Khomeini descending from his airplane from Paris in 1979, cementing the beginning of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This image is surrounded by the front pages of newspapers from that day declaring his arrival. The page was commemorating the 32nd anniversary of the Islamic Revolution in February 2011.
While version 4 did not display any links, all previous versions of peyvandha.ir featured the popular Persian language blogging platform Blogfa. But version 5 omits the platform altogether. Sources responsible for the design of this page tell us this is because founder Alireza Shirazi asked for the website to be removed from the list. The six links related to Internet policy and contact information for site administrators are still located at the bottom.
The last two iterations of the website in version 6 and 7 are very similar in design. According to an anonymous source involved in the site’s development, the sudden change was intended “to make filtering more pleasant,” or rather, to appear as a subtle part of the Iranian Internet experience — instead of one presented with indoctrinating aspects of the government.
The significant change that comes in version 7 is the prominent feature of the Internet policy links in element 2:
The following is a video narration of how peyvandha.ir has morphed throughout the years.
The changes in the page demonstrate the evolution of how Iranian state has represented its censorship policies. This page serves as one reflection of state policies regarding online expression in the age of President Hassan Rouhani. Rhetoric, words and the actions of Iran’s leaders now often seem liberal — Rouhani’s support of a free Internet, and the active presence of his cabinet on the blocked platforms of Facebook and Twitter — but bloggers still face arrest, and platforms continue to be blocked.
Written by Mahsa Alimardani and Auke Rick Akkerman for the Masters in New Media and Digital Culture at the University of Amsterdam’s Digital Method Initiative.
This piece originally appeared on Global Voices Advocacy and is republished here under Creative Commons license.
The author of this article has no idea what they are talking about… What story behind iran’s censorship? There is no story behind it. I think the author has a lot of free time, and is clearly being paid by another party to publish a story to talk about iran’s internet… There is so much more important things going on… and they you talk about iran’s censorship? Why not China? This author is a joke, and this article is a joke…
PBS had a story on China’s censorship literally a week ago titled “Gmail and Google Search access blocked in China”
Iran is a repressive hole in the sand and your denial won’t help it improve.
Are you saying that no one should talk about one of the most important topics that affect every Iranian in the age of internet and mass communication? Are you kidding? Where do you live? Government recommended sites are useless. Uncensored internet communication is essential to the people these days. It is fundamental to the human rights, free flow of information, and economy. Just because China does censorship does not mean that we should not talk about the terrible work IRI is doing in censoring internet and social media. We should help combat IRI censorship by providing the tools to bypass the censorship. Availability of sattelites is also another way to bypass the restrictions.
I actually live in Tehran… we have the most internet users in the middle east, and again… we don’t need other countries “helping” us to bypass censorship. We have the worlds most educated tech population…your countries should be focused on helping people gets jobs so they feed themselves at the end of the day. instead of trying to get into matters that are none of your business
There is no censorship in Iran or extremism, gays addicts, prostitutes, drugs, extreme poverty, injustice..none of these things exist. Iran is a heaven apart from the rest of the world and no one knows this not even most Iranians. The only people that know how good it is are the 1000 families, the likes of Rafsanjanies or Larijanis…. heaven I tell you, plush villas by the Caspian, expensive luxury life style, filled with heavenly angels. You just don’t know!
That what corrupt regimes do. They control the media and
flow of information. No government is going to survive the wrath of the people
if there is unfettered access to information which is why Iran spends so much
time controlling the internet as well as trying to confiscate illegal satellite
dishes throughout the country (apparently they’re not big fans of that either).
I am curious though if the study looked at Iran’s blockage of social media
websites and how they’ve been used throughout the Arab Spring revolts to
organize protests. Khamenei and now Rouhani know the power of communication and they will be intent on restricting it. I give A LOT of credit to Iranian bloggers and others who have used ways to circumvent the Iranian cyberwall. They are taking a big risk to try and get information, pictures and video out of dissent and we should recognize it. I just hope that new technologies get developed to help blast through this wall and help fuel the kind of regime change Iranians deserve.